List of estimates of the number of victims of massacres committed by the UPA against Poles and of Polish retaliatory actions
 | This article may require copy editing for grammar and style. (October 2023) |
This list shows the estimates of the number of casualties in the mutual massacres between Poles and Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA).
| = Historian | = Political science | = Research group |
| Author | Volhynia | Galicia | VOL+GAL | E. Poland | V+G+EP | Quotes / Sources / Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Timothy Snyder | 50k | — | — | — | "Ukrainian partisans killed about fifty thousand Volhynian Poles and forced tens of thousands more to flee in 1943."[1] | |
| Timothy Snyder | >40k | 10k | — | — | — | >40k in July '43, 10k is in March '44.[2] |
| Timothy Snyder | 40-60k | 25k | — | 5k | — | "UPA killed forty to sixty thousand Polish Civilians in Volhynia in 1943." "This apparent change, ..., limited the death toll of Polish civilians to about twenty-five thousand in Galicia." "All told, in the Lublin and Rzeszow regions, Poles and Ukrainians killed about five thousand of the other's civilians in 1943-44."[3] |
| Timothy Snyder | — | 5–10k | — | — | — | "Throughout spring 1944 [...] Polish preparations and Ukrainian warnings limited the deaths to perhaps 5,000–10,000"[4] |
| Grzegorz Motyka | 40-60k | — | — | 6-8k | 80-100k | net is from '43 to '47.[clarify][5] |
| Grzegorz Motyka | 40-60k | 30-40k | — | 6-8k | 100k | [6] |
| Ivan Katchanovski | 35-60k | — | — | — | Katchanovski considers the lower bound 35k to be more likely;[7] cited Snyder (1999), Hryciuk (2001). | |
| Grzegorz Hryciuk | 35-60k | — | — | — | [8] Cited by Katchanovski (2010), p. 7. | |
| Grzegorz Hryciuk | 35.7-60k | — | — | — | — | [a] Cited by Kalischuk.[full citation needed] |
| Grzegorz Hryciuk | — | 20–24k | — | — | — | [b][11] Cited by Kalischuk;[full citation needed] from 43 to 46; 8820 in '43-mid'44; "according to relevant contemporary Polish sources".[clarify] |
| Grzegorz Hryciuk | 35.7-60k | 20-24k | — | — | — | [c] For Eastern Galicia "primary balance" relied on "fragmentary and often incomplete documentation" and witnesses' testimonies; 20-25k in 1941-1946 and 20-24k in 1943-1946. |
| Paul Robert Magocsi | — | — | — | — | 50k | "among the more reasonable estimates"[13] |
| Niall Ferguson | — | — | 60-80k | — | [14] Fergusson is citing other authors (which ones?) | |
| John Paul Himka | — | — | [A] | — | "One of the things that emerged clearly from this discussion was that UPA and OUN were responsible for the murder of tens of thousands of Poles in Western Ukraine."[15] | |
| Per Anders Rudling | 40-70k | — | — | 7k | "Most mainstream estimates give the number of Volhynian Polish victims [...] as 40,000–70,000, [...] In Poland, [...] with 7,000 Poles [killed]."[16] | |
| Grzegorz Rossoliński-Liebe | — | — | 70-100k | — | — | [17][18] |
| Ewa Siemaszko | 60k | 70k | 130k | 133k | [19] According to Rudling this is the most extensive study of the Polish casualties.[20] | |
| Marek Jasiak | — | — | — | 60-70k | "In Podole, Volhynia, and Lublin".[verification needed][21] | |
| Mikolaj Terles | 50k | 60-70k | 100-200k | — | [22] | |
| KARTA | 35k | 29.8k | — | 6.5k | — | KARTA based mostly on: Siemaszko for Volhynia (documented number) and Czesław Blicharski for Tarnopol voivodsh.[23] Cited by Kalishchuk: here [24] |
| Kataryna Wolczuk[25] | — | — | — | 60-100k | [26] Cited by Marples.[full citation needed] | |
| Common communicate of PL and UKR historians.[clarification needed] | 50-60k | 20-25k | — | 5-6k | "Polish casualties acc. to Polish sources"[weasel words] [clarification needed][27] | |
| Ryszard Torzecki | 30-40k | 30-40k | 10-20k[28] | 80-100k | [29] | |
| IPN | 60-80k | — | — | — | "It is estimated that about 60, or even 80 thousand people of Polish nationality were murdered in Volhynia."[30] | |
| Norman Davies | — | — | — | [B] | Estimate includes both Poles and Ukrainians killed by UPA.[31] | |
| Czesław Partacz | — | — | — | 134-200k | [32] [verification needed] | |
| Lucyna Kulińska | — | — | — | 150-200k | [33] [verification needed] | |
| Anna M. Cienciala | — | — | 40-60k | "During WWII, the Bandera faction of the Ukrainian Insurrectionary Army (UPA) murdered 40,000–60,000 Poles living in the villages of former Volhynia and former East Galicia."[34] | ||
| Pertti Ahonen, et al. | — | — | — | 100k | "The ethnic cleansing conducted by Ukrainian nationalists, discussed in chapter 2, killed about 100,000 Poles and made refugees out of another 300,000."[35] | |
| George Liber | 25-70k | 20-70k | 50-100k | — | "Scholars in Poland, Ukraine, the United States, and Europe estimate that in 1943 and 1944 the members of the OUN-B and UPA killed between 25,000 to 70,000 Poles in Western Volhynia, and then another 20,000 to 70,000 in Eastern Galicia... between 50,000 to 100,000 Poles... died by violent means."[36] |
Table notes:
- ^ Hryciuk writes (quote): "Dotychczasowe ustalenia zdają się świadczyć, że straty bezpowrotne ludności polskiej na Wołyniu w latach 1941-1944 wynieść mogły 70 tys. osób, z czego około 35,7 do 60 tys. przypadałoby na polskie ofiary ukraińskiej "czystki etnicznej"."[9]
- ^ Hryciuk writes (quote): "Po uwzględnieniu tej dokumentacji, a także informacji zaczerpniętych z powojennych relacji i wspomnień polskich mieszkańców Galicji Wschodniej, wstępny bilans strat polskich poniesionych w wyniku akcji nacjonalistycznych oddziałów ukraińskich w latach 1941-45 mógłby wynosić 20-25 tys. ofiar. Jak się wydaje, ogólna liczba strat ludności polskiej w 1941 roku nie przekroczyła zapewne 500-1000 osób. W latach 1943-1946 można ją szacować na około 20-24 tys. osób"[10]
- ^ Hryciuk writes (quote): "Odwołując się do wyrywkowej i często niekompletnej dokumentacji polskiej, ukraińskiej i radzieckiej, uwzględniając także informacje zaczerpnięte z powojennych relacji i wspomnień polskich mieszkańców Galicji Wschodniej wstępny bilans strat polskich poniesionych w wyniku akcji nacjonalistycznych oddziałów ukraińskich na tym obszarze określić można w latach 1941-1946 na 20-25 tys. ofiar, z tego w 1943 r. - do około 2 tys., w 1944 r. 13-16 tys., 1945-1946 – 5-6 tys.; 3-3,5 tys. w woj. stanisławowskim, 5-6 tys. w woj. lwowskim i najwięcej - 12 do 15 tys. w woj. tarnopolskim."[12]
| Author | Volhynia | Galicia | VOL+GAL | E. Poland | V+G+EP | Quotes / Sources / Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grzegorz Motyka | 2-3k | — | — | 8-12k | 10-20k | 1943–1947, The number for total includes those killed in Volhynia, Galicia, territories of present-day (eastern) Poland.[5] |
| Grzegorz Motyka | 2-3k | 1-2k | — | 8-10k | 11-15k | 1943–1947; According to Motyka, numbers of Ukrainian casualties from hands of Poles >= 30k are "simply pulled out of thin air".[37] |
| Per Anders Rudling | 20k | — | 11k | "Most mainstream estimates give the number of Volhynian Polish victims [...] compared with some 20,000 Ukrainians killed by Polish forces. In Poland, the situation was the reverse, with some 11,000 Ukrainians killed, [...]"[16] | ||
| Paul Robert Magocsi | — | — | — | 20k | "among the more reasonable estimates"[13] | |
| Timothy Snyder | 10k | — | — | "Over the course of 1943, perhaps ten thousand Ukrainian civilians were killed by Polish self-defence units, Soviet partisans, and German police."[38] | ||
| Timothy Snyder | — | — | — | about 5k | "All told, in the Lublin and Rzeszow regions, Poles and Ukrainians killed about five thousand of the other's civilians in 1943–44."[39] | |
| Grzegorz Rossoliński-Liebe | — | — | — | — | 10-20k | "Poles were fully responsible for killing between 10,000 and 20,000 Ukrainians (both OUN-UPA members and civilians) during and after World War II."[17] |
| Kataryna Wolczuk[25] | — | — | 15-30k | [citation needed] Cited by Marples.[full citation needed] | ||
| Katrina Witt | — | — | 15-30k | [40] Cited Marples (2007), pp. 222–223, who cites Wolczuk.[full citation needed] | ||
| KARTA | unknown | unknown | — | 7.5k | [23] Cited by Kalishchuk: here [24] | |
| L. Zashkilniak and M. Krykun | — | — | 35k | [41] Cited by Kalishchuk.[full citation needed] | ||
| Anna M. Cienciala | — | — | — | — | 20k | "... the Poles killed some 20,000 Ukrainians, mostly in former East Galicia in reprisal."[34] |
| George Liber | 2-20k | 1-4k | 8-20k | — | "In [1943–44], the Home Army and other Polish underground units killed 2,000 to 20,000 Ukrainians in Western Volhynia and another 1,000 to 4,000 in Galicia."[42] |
References[edit]
- ^ Snyder (2003a), p. 202.
- ^ Snyder (2002), p. 43.
- ^ Snyder (2003), pp. 170, 176.
- ^ Snyder (2001), p. 9.
- ^ a b Motyka (2009), p. 13.
- ^ Motyka (2011), pp. 447–448.
- ^ Katchanovski (2010).
- ^ Hryciuk (2001).
- ^ Hryciuk (2005), p. 279.
- ^ Niedzielko (2000a), p. 294, Vol. 6.
- ^ Straty ludnosci w Galicji Wschodniej w latach 1941–1945 / G. Hryciuk.[full citation needed][verification needed]
- ^ Hryciuk (2005), p. 315.
- ^ a b Magocsi (2010), pp. 681–682.
- ^ Ferguson (2006), p. [page needed].
- ^ Himka (2010), p. 94.
- ^ a b Rudling (2006), p. 171.
- ^ a b Rossoliński-Liebe (2010), p. 3.
- ^ Rossoliński-Liebe (2011), p. 84.
- ^ Siemaszko (2010).
- ^ Rudling (2011), p. 50.
- ^ Jasiak (2001), p. 174.
- ^ Terles (1993), p. 61.
- ^ a b Niedzielko (2000b), p. 159, Vol. 7.
- ^ a b "Наукова періодика України - НБУВ Національна бібліотека України імені В. І. Вернадського" (PDF). www.nbuv.gov.ua. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-04-14. Retrieved 2022-02-28.
- ^ a b "Professor Kataryna Wolczuk". Staff search. University of Birmingham. Retrieved 2024-05-19.
- ^ Kataryna Wolczuk. "The Difficulties of Polish–Ukrainian Historical Reconciliation," paper published by the Royal Institute of International Affairs, London, 2002.[verification needed]
- ^ Niedzielko (2002), p. 403, Vol. 9.
- ^ (Polesie and Lublin)[full citation needed]
- ^ Torzecki (1993), p. 267.
- ^ "Śledztwa w biegu" (in Polish). Oddziałowa Komisja w Lublinie. January 2012. Archived from the original on 2012-03-02.
- ^ Davies (2005), p. 350.
- ^ Partacz (2011), p. [page needed].
- ^ Kulińska (2009), p. 467.
- ^ a b Cienciala (2002).
- ^ Ahonen et al. (2008), p. 99.
- ^ Liber (2016), p. [page needed].
- ^ Motyka (2011), p. 448.
- ^ Snyder (2003a), p. [page needed].
- ^ Snyder (2003), p. 176.
- ^ Witt (2010), p. 101.
- ^ Zashkilniak & Krykun (2002), p. 527.
- ^ Liber (2016), p. 237.
Sources[edit]
- Ahonen, Pertti; Corni, Gustavo; Kochanowski, Jerzy; Schulze, Rainer; Stark, Tamás; Stelzl-Marx, Barbara (2008). People on the Move: Population Transfers and Ethnic Cleansing Policies During World War II and Its Aftermath. Berg Publishers.
- Cienciala, Anna M. (Spring 2002) [(Revised Fall 2007. Spring 2012)]. "The Rebirth of Poland". History 557 Lecture Notes. University of Kansas.
- Davies, Norman (2005). God's Playground A History of Poland: Volume II: 1795 to the Present. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199253401. Retrieved 2022-02-28 – via Google Books.
- Ferguson, Niall (2006). The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West. New York: Penguin Press. ISBN 9781594201004.
- Himka, John-Paul (2010). "The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army: Unwelcome Elements of an Identity Project". Ab Imperio. 2010 (4): 83–101. doi:10.1353/imp.2010.0101. S2CID 130590374.
- Hryciuk, Grzegorz (2001). "Vtraty naselennia na Volyni u 1941-1944rr". Ukraina-Polshcha: Vazhki Pytannia. Vol. 5. Warsaw: Tyrsa. pp. 249–270.
- Hryciuk, Grzegorz (2005). Przemiany narodowosciowe i ludnosciowe w Galicji Wschodniej i na Wolyniu w latach 1931–1948. Torun: Adam Marszalek Publishing House.
- Jasiak, Marek (2001). "Overcoming Ukrainian Resistance: The Deportation of Ukrainians within Poland in 1947". In Siljak, Ana; Ther, Philipp (eds.). Redrawing Nations. Ethnic Cleansing in East-Central Europe, 1944-1948. Harvard Cold War studies book series. Blue Ridge Summit: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 173–194. ISBN 9781461642985.
- Katchanovski, Ivan (2010). Terrorists or National Heroes? Politics of the OUN and the UPA in Ukraine. Annual Conference of the Canadian Political Science Association, Montreal, June 1-3, 2010.
- Kulińska, Lucyna (2009). Dzieci Kresów III. Jagiellonia. ISBN 9788385729761.
- Liber, George (2016). Total wars and the making of modern Ukraine, 1914-1954. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9781442649774.
- Magocsi, Paul Robert (2010). A History of Ukraine: the land and its peoples (2nd ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9781442640856.
- Marples, David (2007). Heroes and Villains: Creating National History in Contemporary Ukraine. Budapest, New York: Central European Press.
- Motyka, Grzegorz (2009). W kręgu "Łun w Bieszczadach". Szkice z najnowszej historii polskich Bieszczad [In the circle of "Lun in the Bieszczady Mountains". Sketches from the Latest History of the Polish Bieszczady Mountains] (in Polish). Warszawa: "Rytm" Publishing House. ISBN 978-83-7399-340-2.
- Motyka, Grzegorz (2011). Od rzezi wołyńskiej do Akcji "Wisła": konflikt polsko-ukraiński 1943-1947 (in Polish). Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie. ISBN 9788308045763.
- Niedzielko, Romuald, ed. (2000a). Polska-Ukraina: trudne pytania [Poland-Ukraine: difficult questions] (in Polish). Vol. 6 (1st ed.). Warszawa: Ośrodek KARTA. ISBN 83-908944-7-5.
- Niedzielko, Romuald, ed. (2000b). Polska-Ukraina: trudne pytania [Poland-Ukraine: difficult questions] (in Polish). Vol. 7. Translated by Buczo, Maria; Misiło, Eugeniusz (1st ed.). Warszawa: Ośrodek KARTA. ISBN 83-908944-9-1.
- Niedzielko, Romuald, ed. (2002). Polska-Ukraina: trudne pytania [Poland-Ukraine: difficult questions] (in Polish). Vol. 9 (1st ed.). Warszawa: KARTA. ISBN 83-915111-5-4.
- Partacz, Czesław (2011). "Przemilczane w ukraińskiej historiografii przyczyny ludobójstwa popełnionego przez OUN-UPA na ludności polskiej". In Paź, Bogusław (ed.). Prawda historyczna na prawda polityczna w badaniach naukowych. Przykład ludobójstwa na Kresach Południowo-Wschodniej Polski w latach 1939–1946 [Historical Truth and Political Truth in the Scientific Research. The Genocide on the South Eastern Polish Borderland in 1939-1946] (in Polish). Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Wrocławskiego. ISBN 9788322931851.
- Rossoliński-Liebe, Grzegorz (2010). "Celebrating Fascism and War Criminality in Edmonton. The Political Myth and Cult of Stepan Bandera in Multicultural Canada" (PDF). Kakanien Revisited. 12: 1–16.
- Rossoliński-Liebe, Grzegorz (2011). "The "Ukrainian National Revolution" of 1941: Discourse and Practice of a Fascist Movement". Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History. 12 (1): 83–114. doi:10.1353/kri.2011.a411661 – via Project MUSE.
- Rudling, Per Anders (December 2006). "Theory and Practice: Historical Representation of the War Time Activities of the OUN-UPA (the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists - the Ukrainian Insurgent Army)". East European Jewish Affairs. 36 (2): 163–189.
- Rudling, Per Anders (2011). "The OUN, the UPA and the Holocaust: A Study in the Manufacturing of Historical Myths". The Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies. Pittsburgh: University Center for Russian and East European Studies. #2107.
- Siemaszko, Ewa (2010). "Bilans zbrodni". Biuletyn Instytutu Pamięci Narodowej (7–8). Instytut Pamięci Narodowej. Archived from the original on 2011-07-28. Retrieved 2022-02-28.
- Snyder, Timothy (1999). ""To Resolve the Ukrainian Problem Once and for All": The Ethnic Cleansing of Ukrainians in Poland, 1943-1947". Journal of Cold War Studies. 1 (2): 86–120.
- Snyder, Timothy (November 2001). "To Resolve the Ukrainian Question Once and For All: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ukrainians in Poland, 1943–1947" (PDF). Working Paper: 1–28. #9.
- Snyder, Timothy (2002). "Poland, Lithuania and Ukraine, 1939–1999". In Jan-Werner Müller (ed.). Memory and Power in Post-War Europe. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 052100070X.
- Snyder, Timothy (2003). The Reconstruction of Nations. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300128413.
- Snyder, Timothy (May 2003a). "The Causes of Ukrainian-Polish Ethnic Cleansing 1943". Past and Present. 179: 197–234. JSTOR 3600827.
- Terles, Mikolaj (1993). Ethnic Cleansing of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia, 1942-1946. Alliance of the Polish Eastern Provinces. ISBN 9780969802006.
- Torzecki, Ryszard (1993). Polacy i Ukraińcy. Sprawa ukraińska podczas II wojny światowej na terenie II Rzeczypospolitej [Poles and Ukrainians: the Ukrainian issue during World War II in the Second Polish Republic] (in Polish) (1st ed.). Warszawa: Wydawn. Nauk. PWN.
- Witt, Katrina (April 2010). "Ukrainian Memory and Victimhood. Narratives after the Second World War". Constellations. 1 (2): 96–109. doi:10.29173/cons8055.
- Zashkilniak, L.; Krykun, M. (2002). Istorii︠a︡ Polʹshchi: vid naĭdavnishykh chasiv do nashykh dniv [History of Poland: from ancient times to the present day] (in Ukrainian). Lʹviv: Lʹvivsʹkyĭ nat︠s︡ionalʹnyĭ universytet im. Ivana Franka.